For SQL 2012 Express, the path to the SQL Browser service is C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SQL Server\90\Shared\sqlbrowser.exe (note the "(x86)").
Also, when using dynamic ports and with the SQL Browser service running, it is enough to only open the firewall for the SQL Browser service. Adding specific port exceptions is not necessary; in fact, it doesn't make sense since by definition, dynamic ports can change.
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